Nanotechnology Business

Nanotechnlogy business is of great significance today. Nanoscale science and technology enhanced/developed products promise to benefit all domains of consumables- foods, beverages and medicine, to, cosmetics, textiles and ornamental jewelry. Sensors on-board automobiles, cars and spaceships, to, green-energy, electronics and IT. There must be an exceptional domain which stands not to gain from the advantages of understanding and engineering of the nanoscale (literally bottom up).

However, a discipline with so much potential for advancement has remained limited to a very few industries. It is of no doubt that nanotechnology can be useful but what is of doubt is that in our business driven society does nanotechnology have a generic business model?

Most of the nanotechnology based products are manufactured in clean rooms. The infrastructure required to build a clean room [a controlled environment where pressure, temperature, humidity and most importantly cleanliness is strictly controlled] is so expensive that a handful of countries outside the developed world possess it for research. Likewise for businesses, lack of easy-to-implement nanotechnological features cost-effectively in products make the whole exercise a 'no-go' before a feasibility report is outlined.

If most countries do not have the research infrastructure (local knowledge base) and the industry finds it too expensive- obviously nanotechnology for all its promise may remain in-hatching unless a disruptive technology shakes us. Social impact of a high-entry-barrier in nanotechnology can be more detrimental - whenever nanotech takes off it shall only be the developed world making profit since the research itself was so difficult to undertake elsewhere, creating a wider divide amongst poor and rich countries.

Summarizing above, it all boils down to cost of nanotechnology.

One model which has succeeded in resolving the questions above is the multi-project center (MPC) model. A large facility, either government funded or in a public-private partnership model can set up the infrastructure (clean rooms and such) to be shared by the local universities and regional industry. IMEC in Belgium and LETI in France are great examples. While universities supply manpower for research into unexplored territories companies fund research projects to find the best solutions for their businesses and patent them.  The manpower on the floor is skilled and employed by the MPC.

A MPC can be national/regional infrastructure fostering the growth of nanotech solutions for the advancement of society just as highways developed the automobile industry. [A more fitting analogy may perhaps be electricity to every household but today when 4/5 (Hans Rosling's statistics) of the world lacks basic health care and services, such an analogy though appropriate, is sadly ahead of its time.]

A model such as a regional MPC, would not only ensure industries flourish but also create wealth of knowledge locally, while stepping forward towards the technology of the future. If this seems an experimental idea then note that on this model some parts of the world are producing most of the high-technology products in the market.

Graphene

Conversation heard between a visibly excited scientist S and a grumpy “ordinary” guy G in a busy café:

S - “...Do you have a pencil by your side? Good, now imagine this - take a “knife” and start “slicing” the graphite led. If you keep on doing it “long” enough you will soon get a one-atom thick sheet. Now, put it under a “powerful” microscope and you will see a chicken-wire structure of carbon atoms. This, my friend is graphene, the latest found allotrope of carbon. And if you had done this little 'experiment' earlier, you might have won the Nobel prize this year.”

G - “And what is so special about getting a sheet of atoms? And, a knife...”

S - “The knife part was just an imaginative tool, anyhow, the guys who invented it in 2004 used a scotch tape to peel off the graphene layer – so the example was not too far away! More importantly, doing so they disproved the age-old wisdom that a free standing monolayer is impossible to achieve in nature. Its a tremendous achievement in terms of physics...”

G - “Hah physics, a fat good that would do to me!”

S - “Not at all – and stop being so cynical! The best part of graphene is that charge-carriers in it are massless particles which move in near relativistic speeds.”

G - “And, you lost me over there.”

S - “OK, let me see. Compared to other materials, electrons in graphene travel much faster – at speeds of 10⁸ cm/s. Add to it, the fact, that even under ambient conditions, a graphene sheet is pure enough to ensure that electrons can travel a fair distance before colliding, and you have got a 'holy grail' for electronics engineers.”

G - “Hmm, interesting – but what's so fascinating about it?”

S - “Because it is the perfect recipe for making balistic nanodevices – electronic devices few nanometers long that would be able transmit charge at breath taking speeds for a fraction of power compared to present day CMOS transistors.”

G - “Ah! You mean too say that electronic devices made from graphene would be way faster and way less power hungry than those we have today. That makes it a perfect replacement for silicon based devices, doesn't it?”

S - “Well, its not that easy. You see silicon, or most of the materials used today in digital electronic devices are semi-conductors, i.e., there is a band-gap between conducting and non-conducting states. Graphene has no band-gap. Consequently, a transistor, which is the main building block of all digital devices we see nowadays, made from graphene, will have a very low ON-OFF ratio. I mean, though such devices will be fast, it will be very difficult to detect if it has a 1 or 0 stored in it.”

G - “Pooh, so much for the hoopla. It seems like another buzz word.”

S - “Not at all. First of all, graphene is easy to isolate and handle. Plus, it can still be used in analogue electronics; did you see that news about ultrafast transistor made from graphene. That still is something! These things may just revolutionise communication as we know it.  And this is just the tip of the iceberg. Due to their thinness they can be used as highly efficient sensors, e.g. for DNA. I have also heard that folks have developed graphene based ultra-capacitors, which might very soon be used to fuel everything, from your phone to your cars – you know green energy and all that. ”

G - “But still consumer electronics is where the action is. And if this material cannot be used to make digital stuff, then I am not buying it.”

S - “Wait! I haven't told you about bilayer graphene or graphene nano-ribbons, as yet. They do have band-gap and can be used to make ultra-fast transistors. As a plus, it is ambi-polar, which means you do not have to dope it, to switch between p and n- graphene – this alone makes it infinitely more flexible than other semiconductors. But wait, do you remember Tom Cruise doing his cool antics in-front of those transparent screens in 'Minority Report'? Graphene, in addition of being highly conductive is transparent too – which means sturdy, multi-functional. transparent touch-screens are not that far away.”

G - “Wow, now we are talking business.”

S - “If you have some time, you must listen to this lecture by K. Novoselov, one of the inventors of graphene, on possible applications. And I strongly recommend you to subscribe to http://graphenetimes.com/ to stay abreast of the latest developments in this field. ”

G -  “So why are we not seeing graphene in action as yet?”

S - “Simple - industrial scale production of graphene. Engineers have still not been able to come up with a way to produce pristine graphene of uniform quality at a large-scale. You cannot make an industry out of scotch-tape and pencil lead, you know! But for all means and purpose they are inching towards it. Plus, the physics of this material is not yet well-understood. Thus, it will be some time before it can be used efficiently at an industrial chain. But I tell you the future lies where processors will be made from multiple layers of graphene, with each layer acting as one 'core', and being way faster and way energy efficient than before.”

G - “You act foolishly enthusiastic!”

S - “Well I have reasons to be. After all life on our planet is carbon-based. Its high time that devices surrounding us in our daily life be carbon-based too!”

G - “Can't argue with that!”

--
Contributed by Kaustuv Banerjee
Researcher (Graphene Technology)
Aalto University Finland
kaustuv.banerjee1[at]gmail.com 

Nanoparticles and Radio Waves: Heating things up.

Nanoparticles are nanoparticles,

radio waves are radio waves,

whenever the twain meet,

they shall produce heat.

As Shakespearean as that may sound (or not, probably) there is no contest about the veracity of the limerick (never mind the five line rule).

A group of scientists and a radio technician found ways to, shall we say, heat things up.

Scientists at University of Buffalo, New York found a way to control neurons- cells which generate and transmit the electrical signals in the nervous system, using metal nanoparticles and radio waves.

Neurons use electric potential difference to generate and transmit electrical signals. In a nutshell, neurons use ion pumps, proteins present on their peripheral membrane. These ion pumps use energy to export 3 positively-charged Sodium ions (Na⁺) out of the neuron in exchange for every 2 positively-charged Potassium ions (K⁺) they import into the neuron. This causes a buildup of excess positive charge outside the neuron and hence a potential difference. To generate an electric impulse, several Na⁺ specific ion channels in the peripheral membrane are opened. This causes the Na⁺ ions to flow in, and the charge is equalized across the membrane. This sudden change in the potential difference (depolarisation) generates an electric impulse which then travels along the neuron’s length.

Depolarization can be brought about by a number of ways. Importing positively-charged Calcium ions (Ca²⁺) or exporting negatively-charged Chloride ions (Cl^-) will also do the trick.

With that in mind, the group at Buffalo genetically engineered first fruit flies and then the worm C. elegans to express a protein on its surface which binds Biotin, or vitamin B7 in the vernacular. They then injected streptavidin coated nanoparticles made of Manganese and Iron (MnFe₂O₄) into the animals. Streptavidin attaches very strongly with biotin. The coated nanoparticles hence circulated and bonded specifically with the biotin labeled neurons and entered these neurons. The animals were then placed in a high powered radio wave field.

Interaction between nanoparticles and biologically harmless radio waves heated the particles to 42ᴼC. The cells remained unharmed at such low temperature.

The increased temperature triggered the temperature sensitive Ca²⁺ ion channel TRPV1 which consequently opened and let in a flux of Ca²⁺ ions, depolarizing the neuron and generating an electrical impulse which triggered a neural pathway. The experiment was used to remotely stop a worm and force it to reverse its movement.

In a similar tactic, a radio technician developed his own, custom radio frequency emitting device and in collaboration with University of Pittsburg, used it to heat gold and carbon nanoparticles targeted into rabbit and rat liver cancer cells and raise the cancerous cell's temperature to 400ᴼC, killing it. The temperature, though extremely high, was localized to the cancer cell and left the surrounding cells undamaged.

The two approaches give hope for less damaging cancer therapy as well as ways to manipulate neurons in experiments to learn their function better.

However, as the researchers pointed out, the really tricky part of the ploy is to target specific cells for delivery of the nanoparticles in human subjects if it is to be used as cancer therapy, for it is one thing to raise genetically modified animals to help with the cell targeting, quite another to use the approach in human subjects.

However, the techniques are not without their promise, and if the targeting research pans out, we will be having some powerful therapeutic agents in our hands.

You can read more about the two approaches here and here.

Transhumanism

Living Science Fiction.

Transhumanism is a movement or the philosophy that we can and should develop to higher levels, both physically, mentally and socially using rational methods.

A TED talk by a transhumanist about some elements of transhumanism.
It encourages research into such areas as life extension, cryonics, nanotechnology, physical and mental enhancements, uploading human consciousness into computers and megascale engineering.


Also see - Transhumanist resources by Anders Sandberg.